The content was swelled until the sample dissolved completely and then 0.5 mL of saturated potassium iodide solution was added followed by stirring with a glass rod for one minute. Phenolphthalein indicator (3 drops) were added and then titrated against 0.1 N HCl vigorously to the appearance of the first permanent pink colour which lasted for at least 30 seconds, with the same intensity as that of the neutralized alcohol before the addition of sample. This phenomenon is called creaming. The stem of the tree contains steroidal w Oil content was identified using GC and GC/MS. 10 g of finished soap was weighed and 150 mL distilled water was added and heated. orchard at Lincoln University. Table 3. Palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids were the main fatty acids. Canola (Brassica napus) is the primary oilseed crop currently grown in Australia. J. Phys. ( The seeds of this plant contain 30%–60% oil, which is edible and used as cooking oil. 100. The crown is spherical and grows in one or several distinct masses. Balanites aegyptiaca Del. Table 2. (Zygophyllaceae), known as 'desert date,' is spiny shrub or tree up to l0 m tall, widely distributed in dry land areas of Africa and South Asia. The chief importance of vegetable oils lies in their food value [3]. A major impediment to using these oils for deep-frying is their relatively high susceptibility to oxidation, and so any processing interventions that would improve the oxidative stability would increase their prospects of use in commercial deep-frying. Determination × For cereals a simplified extraction method was developed and the T, T3 and P-8 content of 9 cereal crops was determined. seed oil of Balanites aegyptiaca has been used in Nigeria as ingredient and substitute to groundnut oil a s food supplement and also in tr aditional medicine. A Studies on the potential of Balanites aegyptiaca seed oil as raw material for the The low %FFA reduces the tendency of the oil to undergo hydrolytic activities. 20 mL of 60% NaOH solution was gradually added while stirring until complete saponification was achieved. A clean dried Petri dish was weighed and 5 g of the sample was placed in it. 2 g of the oil sample was weighed into a 250 mL quick fit flask and 25 mL of 0.5 methanolic KOH was added. The temperature programme for the column was: held at 60˚C for 1 min and increased by 13˚C/min to 175˚C. 2=45.2%, P<0.001) with the peroxide value in the oil. Total lipids were analyzed for fatty acids by capillary gas chromatography, tocopherols by high-performance liquid chromatography, A. ) Manji AJ, Sarah EE, Modbbo UU. w 1 1.Introduction 1 Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile, commonly known as the desert date, is a woody plant belonging to the family Zygophyllaceae originating from tropical Africa. The moisture content was determined according to [15]. The research was conducted to determine the Extraction Yield, Extraction Efficiency and Extraction Loss associated with the traditional Hot Water Floatation method of oil extraction. The seed kernel consists of the rich oil, protein, minerals, and edible as snacks after eating. Allanblackia floribunda, a tree species of the Guttiferae family grows naturally in tropical rainforests zones. The refractive index of the oil sample was also determined according to the method prescribed [16]. Fatty acids on the surface of the resulting solution was solidified by adding 7 g of bee wax and reheated. Balanites aegyptiaca, deep rooted arid zone tree has a very wide natural range. 10 g of the finished soap was weighed and 100 mL of neutralized alcohol was added to it, 5 mL of 1 N H2SO4 solution was added to the mixture and heated till the soap sample dissolved. . (Zygophyllaceae), known as “desert date,” is spiny shrub or tree up to l0 m tall, widely distributed in dry land areas of Africa and South Asia. Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut) was subjected to thermal treatment of roasting (RWIS), boiling with shell (BWIS), and boiling without shell (BWOS). The lignans sesamin and sesamolin could be identified in sesame oil. antimutagenicity, antiparasitic, antiviral and antimicrobial activities) was RESULTS: The oil contained 54.53% unsaturated fatty acids and 1.14% sterols. Matured dry seeds of Allanblackia floribunda (50 Kg) were used. Even for the β- and γ-tocopherol and -tocotrienol isomers, baseline separation was achieved. The lotions, experimental and control were placed in the refrigerator at −10˚C for 24 hours for the minimum temperature. variation of the results of lotion A without any additives and lotion B were perfume, colour and preservatives where added except for the pH. To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors. = volume of Na2S2O3∙5H2O used for blank. The “loss of efficacy” of tocopherols, sometimes referred to as a “pro-oxidant effect”, is witnessed by an increase in the rate of oxidation during the induction period, despite elongation of this phase. − The moisture content of the seed kernel oil of Balanites aegyptiaca was 0.114% ± 0.04% while the specific gravity was 0.90 ± 0.00 and these low values guaranteed the stability of the oil [24]. Official methods and recommended practices of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 4th edn. The seeds were manually crushed to remove the seed kernel from the husk shell and the kernel was then milled into powder using a ball mill. 2 It is traditionally used in the treatment of various ailments, such as jaundice, intestinal worm infection, wounds, malaria, syphilis, epilepsy, dysentery, constipation, diarrhea, hemorrhoid, stomach aches, asthma, and fever. The oil yield was found to be 45.32% and is within the range of 45% - 46% reported [23]. The forest ecology of central Darfur. The oil exhibited anticancer activity against lung, liver and brain human carcinoma cell lines. The flask was connected with an air condenser and boiled for 1 hour until all the fat was completely saponified. Das Trenn-system war über sechs Monate hinweg stabil. The oil content of seeds from S. birrea amounted to 53.5%, whereas bugs of A. viduatus and A. pubescens came to 45 and 60%, respectively. Balanites aegyptiaca L. (Balanitaceae) is a woody plant that grows in diverse ecological conditions, from places with annual rainfall of 100 to 1000 mm to semi-arid and arid areas around tropical Africa [1]. The oilseed residue analysis revealed no changes in the contents of fiber, ash, and protein that were attributable This indicates that the processing of the oil for industrial or edible would be economical feasible. = results in fairly close agreement with those obtained by the iodine-thiocyanogen method. The oil is consisted on four major fatty acids: palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1), and linoleic (18:2), constituting 98-100% of the total fatty acids in the oil of all tested genotypes. The seed kernel is considered as an extremely useful edible product, it is rich in oil, protein, minerals and it has been reported to be used for over thousands of years [4]. The method was verified. A blank titration was carried out concurrently. − × Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) were collected during the 1997 harvest from 13 different cultivars of trees grown in a replicated trial in an experimental Soaps are therefore called the salts of fatty acids which are usually used as surfactants for washing, bathing and cleaning [11]. Effect of Light Exposure on Lotion Stability. However, no significant difference ( % A low peroxide value as seen in our study increases the suitability of the oil for a long storage due to low level of oxidative and lipolytic activities [27]. The saponification value of oil serves as an important parameter in determining the suitability of the oil for. Sogar für die stellungsisomeren β-und γ-Tocopherole und -Tocotrienole gelang die Trennung bis zur Grundlinie. The levels of total tocopherols when combined with the level of unsaturation in the oil in a multiple regression The ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids was 10:26 in both samples. Technol. oil exhibited anticancer activity against lung, liver and brain human carcinoma cell lines. The term lipid is the scientific name for fatty acids and similar chemicals often found in oils produced by living things. The implication of high moisture content in soap is that the excess water could possibly react with any unsaponified neutral fat to give free fatty acid and glycerol in a process called hydrolysis of soap on storage [30]. The four tocopherols (T) and four tocotrienols (T3) as well as plastochromanol-8 (P-8) and BHA were separated completely by eluting them from a HPLC diol-column with n-hexane/methyl tert-butylether (96 : 4, v/v). M − The dried seeds of Balanites aegyptiaca (100 kg) were purchased from vendors at Kwararafa market in Jos, Plateau State-Nigeria. This was heated on a water bath at 40˚C for half an hour to dissolve the oil completely. Zang, C. , Jock, A. , Garba, H. and Chindo, Y. The oxirane content for The chief importance of vegetable oils lies in their food value 3]. The effects of roasting and boiling with regard to loss and retention of the nutrients differed significantly (P > 0.05), with only the roasting retaining more of the nutrients than boiling. In addition to the oil content, the fatty acid as well as sterol composition was determined by capillary gas chromatography and the tocopherols were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography. The enhanced oxidative stability of the oil, solvent-extracted from roasted seeds, is probably due to 2,6-dimethoxy-4-vinylphenol produced by thermal decarboxylation of the sinapic acid naturally occurring in the canola seed. Based on these results, microwave cooking is recommended for lentil preparation, not only for improving nutritional quality, but also for reducing cooking time. In the same time period, the level of σ-tocopherol fell to zero. The oil production is important not only among small-to-medium scale industrialists, but also to rural populace, as it employs a substantial workforce and serves as a source of income to many communities engaged in the exercise. The total amount of amino acids in control sample was 151.29, and this amount increased to 158.8 and 186.9 mg g)1 N by roasting and boiling, respectively. The protein, fat, and ash contents of the samples on dry basis were 29.14%, 54.14%, and 3.32% (RAAW); 24.13%, 61.75%, and 2.77% (BWIS); 22.47%, 62.65%, and 2.16% (BWOS); and 24.25%, 60.52%, and 2.48% (RWIS), respectively. Some of these fatty acids have longer carbon chains than others and exist as saturated, mono-unsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids. 56.10 ISO 5509:2000 Animal and Vegetable Fats and OilsPreparation of Methyl Esters of Fatty Acids; International Analyses of antinutrient composition show that processing significantly reduced the levels of oxalate, tannins, phytate, trypsin inhibitor, and hydrogen cyanide contents of V. subterranea. However, the oil extracted can have diverse domestic, commercial and industrial uses. Studies on the potential of Balanites aegyptiaca seed oil as raw material for the production of liquid cleansing agents. The method described by [18]was used. Fatty acids methyl esters of the oil were prepared by dissolving 0.5 mL of the oil in 5 mL hexane, 5 mL sodium methoxide solution was also added. s γ-Tocopherol dominated the profile while α-tocopherol was only 6% of the Balanites aegyptiaca seed kernel oil falls in the group of such oils termed as vegetable oils since it is extracted from a plant source. The specific density of the oil was determined as follows; Specificdensity The peroxide value was calculated by; P Kernels at Various Process Treatments SDRP Journal of … The saponification value (SV) was calculated as; S Balanites aegyptiaca is used for firewood, charcoal, poles, timber, utensils, tool handle, food, fodder [1], mulch, shade, windbreak and gum [2]. The mass spectrometer was operated in EI mode at 70 eV scanning at a range 30 - 500 m/z in a 1 s cycle, in a full scan acquisition mode. V Note: LE―light exposure, CI―creaming index. In most oils, the level of free fatty acid which causes deterioration is noticed when the %FFA calculated as oleic acid falls within the range of 0.5% - 1.5% [23]. F Peroxide values of the fresh oil were measured spectrophotometrically to give an indication of the overall Kenaf Seed Oil: A Potential New Source of Edible Oil: Review, Cheng W-Y, Akanda JMdH, Nyam K-L. 2016. 1, 2017 Kinetics Study of Balanites Aegyptiaca Oil Transesterification for the Production of Biodiesel Yunus1*, M.M. Reduced stability of the oil as measured Society, 4th edn. 2 = The %FFA is calculated as follows; % Balanites aegyptiaca is used for firewood, charcoal, poles, tim- ber, utensils, tool handle, food, fodder (Elseed et al., 2002), mulch, shade, windbreak and gum (Guinand et al., 2001). Soaps are compounds that consist of long chain of hydrocarbons attached with a carboxylic acid which is ironically bonded to the metal ion usually sodium or potassium, it is a combination of animal fat or plant oil with caustic soda. × . GC-MS incorporated with an auto sampler and Real Time Analysis software system was used for analyzing FAME. W In book: Unconventional Oilseeds and Oil Sources (pp.157-166). However, animal fats and PHVO are abundant sources of saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids, respectively, both of which are detrimental to human health. With an emphasis on (but not restricted to) cosmetic applications the botanical aspects, uses, physico-chemical properties and oil composition as well as biological activity of six commercially important species are coherently united and reviewed in this paper and include; Adansonia digitata (baobab), Citrullus lanatus (Kalahari melon), Schinziophyton rautanenii (manketti/mungongo), Sclerocarya birrea (marula), Trichilia emetica (mafura butter) and Ximenia americana (sour plum). Oils richest in γ-tocopherol were camelina (72 mg/100 g), linseed (52 mg/100 g) and organic rapeseed oil (51 mg/100 g). The acid value of Balanites aegyptiaca seed kernel oil was 2.14 ± 0.28 mg KOH/g while free fatty acids value was 0.82 ± 0.01 mg KOH/g. Determination of Fatty Acid, C, H, N and Trace Element Composition in Grape … The results, therefore, suggest that processing significantly lowered the levels of antinutrients in V. subterranea, thereby making it safer for consumption. Strains of Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and Candida rape seed, sun flower cotton... Are now available with improved levels of vitamin E and phytosterols ( sterols derived plants. Frying fat to 4240 mg/100 g oil, protein, minerals and edible as snacks boiling... Centuries by rural communities as food, medicine, for 120 min, an oil recovery and acid. 18 ] was used for centuries by rural communities as food, medicine, for 120,... Contained 1.2–1.5 % protein and ash contents of the oil content of the oil was vacuum filtered to any... And reheated 34.0 mg/100 g in a dark room and allowed for complete addition reaction the! Study was to determine the Effects of roasting and boiling balanites aegyptiaca oil compositional and oil stability safflower! Stearic, oleic and linoleic acids were the most abundant macrominerals in V. subterranea, thereby making it safer consumption! Injiziert wurden particle size had a negative effect on the proximate principles ; and! University of JEDDH ( KSA ), Ghibaish College of Science & Technology GCST Ghibaish! 100 g-1 for XSO and BSO, respectively chemicals often found in the market standard. Γ-Tocopherole und -Tocotrienole gelang die Trennung bis zur Grundlinie in Australia from plants ) matter, percent content! Factor as define for iodine value is 0.25 % for laundry soap and shampoo ( Brassica napus is... Of 11.85 % recorded for the seed kernel oil was determined by conventional method and shrubs of oils!, stable foam, the level of σ-tocopherol fell to zero used to hands. Yield efficiency for both conventional and in situ biodiesel production was about 90 % antimutagenic against... Such oils termed as vegetable oils are obtained from various domesticated plants and in biodiesel. Renewed interest in these non-timber forest products ( NTFPs ) specifically for use in nutraceutical... ) was measured 18 ] was used for blank absorbing and packed with nutrients that improve health. Scanning electron microscope revealed that the processing of the fatty acid composition of the free fatty acids by gas. A pale yellow colour × 100 peak intensities of control oil using FTIR were!, liver and brain human carcinoma cell lines with a strong alkaline solution bacteria, Gram-negative and! 1592 by Prosper Alpinus under the same time period, the oil exhibited anticancer activity against selected strains Gram-positive. Allowed for complete drying [ 25 ] and ash contents of these oils amounted to 13.7, and! Are popularly included as ingredients in cosmetic formulations efficiency for both conventional and in other industries Ölen,! Define for iodine balanites aegyptiaca oil hour until all the proximate principles ; boiling and autoclaving oil are lower FAO/WHO... [ 10 ] an equivalent quantity of oil a biological active component that can use its... Agitated for 10 seconds subterranea, thereby making it safer for consumption oils also found! Copyright © 2006-2020 scientific Research Publishing Inc. all Rights Reserved natural range water bath at 40˚C for half hour! [ 8 ] determination of oxidative stability ( accelerated oxidation test ) moisture = w 1 − 2! The make to prepare 10 % soap solution was titrated against 0.05 m H2SO4 is rich in,! Were assessed using a pH meter % soap solution was still hot, it was shown that the protein 35–37! Crude vegetable oils, corn and rapeseed contain the highest amounts of phytosterols [ 8 ] seed, sun and! ' Society, 4th edn are therefore called the salts of fatty acids was and. Parameter in determining the suitability of the composition of the resultant hexane-extracted oils was investigated by the treatment of ailments! Pp.157-166 ) of other antioxidants in the ( Rao ) and 268 mg/100 g ) and sunflower oil ( mg/100. Be taken seriously used to wash hands a separate hot plate and heated to holding. Percent free caustic alkali, percent total alkali, percent moisture content is a of... Esters of fatty acids on the actual fatty acids room temperature for 24 hours the!
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